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Footnotes and References

To the 2006 Local Government Manifesto

  1. For example, the largest increases in national government's 2002 Budget were in transfers to the local sphere, rising by 18,3% a year from 2001/02 to 2004/05. Total allocations rose from R6, 6 billion in 2001/02 to R8, 6 billion in 2002/03, and increased to R10, 2 billion in 2003/04, and R10, 9 billion in 2004/05. Allocations for local government infrastructure transfers rose from R2,2 billion in 2001 to R3, 3 billion in 2002 and to R3, 9 billion in 2003/04 and R4 billion in 2004/05. This represents an annual increase of 21,3% in infrastructure funding between 2001/02 and 2004/05. Government's commitment to assisting municipalities with poverty relief, primarily through the provision of free basic services to poor households, is made clear by substantial increases in the equitable share grant, from R2, 6 billion in 2001 to R3, 9 billion in 2002, with a further increase to R5 billion in 2003 and R5, 5 billion in 2004/05. http://www.info.gov.za/structure/local-gov.htm
  2. Doreen Atkinson, ‘Local government, local governance and sustainable development: Getting the parameters right’, HSRC Publishers, Integrated Rural and Regional Development Research Programme, 2002, Occasional Paper 4, p. 9.
  3. The Constitution emphasises the developmental duties of municipalities when it states in Section 153 that municipalities should structure and manage its affairs so as to give priority to the basic needs of the community, and to promote the social and economic development of the community. Municipal councils and associated structures such as South African Local Government Association (SALGA) are envisaged in the ‘new South Africa’ as unique and crucial for mechanisms for developmental service delivery. Section 152 of the Constitution sets out five objects of local government as follows: to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities; to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner; to promote social and economic development; to promote a safe and healthy environment; and to encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in the matters of local government. The concept of ‘developmental local government’ is also set out in the Local Government White Paper, which identifies four inter-related characteristics: maximising social development and economic growth; integrating and co-ordinating; democratising development; leading and learning.
  4. The Municipal Systems Act 2000 (defines how a municipality should provide municipal services to citizens); the Municipal Structures Act 1998 (provides for the establishment of municipalities; Code of conduct), White Paper on Local Government (developmental role in providing basic services); the Municipal Infrastructure Investment framework (provision of free electricity).
  5. See David McDonald & John Pape, ‘Cost Recovery and The Crisis of Service Delivery in South Africa’, HSRC Publishers, Pretoria, 2002.
  6. Gardner Khumalo, Libhongo Ntlokonkulu, & Thabo Rapoo, ‘Alternative service delivery arrangements at municipal level in South Africa: assessing the impact of electricity service delivery and customer satisfaction in Johannesburg’, the Centre for Policy Studies Research Report 100, 2003, p. 4.
  7. Dr. Laïla Smith and Ebrahim Fakir, ‘The struggle to deliver water services to the indigent: A case study on the public-public partnership in Harrismith with Rand Water’, Research Report 103, Social Policy Series, Centre for Policy Studies, September 2003.
  8. ‘Local Government Powers and Functions (Revised Version)’, Paper commissioned by IDASA: Budget Information service and prepared by Palmer Development Group, February 2004, p. 60.
  9. Doreen Atkinson, ‘The state of local government: Third Generation Issues’ in the State of the Nation, 2003-2004, HSRC, 2003, p. 122.
  10. ‘Local Government in Budget 2005’, Budget Brief No. 154, 9 May 2005. Idasa – Budget Information Service. www.idasa.org.za
  11. Gardner Khumalo, Libhongo Ntlokonkulu, & Thabo Rapoo, p. 5.
  12. Dr. Laïla Smith and Ebrahim Fakir, p. 4.
  13. McDonald and Pape, p. 190.
  14. McDonald and Pape, p. 7
  15. McDonald and Pape, p. 30
  16. Dr. Laïla Smith and Ebrahim Fakir, p. 4.
  17. A number of these options are discussed in McDonald and Pape, p. 33 and 183.
  18. McDonald and Pape, p. 28
  19. McDonald and Pape, p. 29.
  20. Dr. Laïla Smith and Ebrahim Fakir, p. 30; also McDonald and Pape, p. 29.
  21. McDonald and Pape, p. 29.
  22. Doreen Atkinson, 2002, p. 20.
  23. See footnote three.
  24. The Municipal Systems Act deals with Integrated Development Planning
  25. Doreen Atkinson, 2002, p. 8.
  26. ‘Local Government Responsibilities’, Budget Brief No. 153, March 2005, Idasa Budget Information Service. www.idasa.org.za
  27. Doreen Atkinson, 2003, p. 10.
  28. Doreen Atkinson, 2003, p. 125.
  29. Doreen Atkinson, 2002, p. 10; and Doreen Atkinson, 2003, p. 128.
  30. Doreen Atkinson, 2002, p. 14.
  31. Doreen Atkinson, 2002, p. 8.
  32. Doreen Atkinson, 2002, p. 8.
  33. ‘Local Government Powers and Functions (Revised Version)’, Paper commissioned by IDASA: Budget Information service and prepared by Palmer Development Group, February 2004. www.idasa.org.za; and Doreen Atkinson, 2002.
  34. ‘Local Government in Budget 2005’, Budget Brief No. 154, 9 May 2005. Idasa Budget Information Service. www.idasa.org.za
  35. ‘Local Government in Budget 2005’, Budget Brief No. 154, 9 May 2005; See more: Paul Whelan: Reviews of the local government equitable share, grants and revenue systems: Whelan, 2002, 2004. www.idasa.org.za
  36. ‘Local Government Powers and Functions (Revised Version)’, Paper commissioned by IDASA: Budget Information service and prepared by Palmer Development Group, February 2004. www.idasa.org.za
  37. Doreen Atkinson, 2002, p. 15 – 19.
  38. ‘Local Government Powers and Functions (Revised Version)’, Paper commissioned by IDASA: Budget Information service and prepared by Palmer Development Group, February 2004. www.idasa.org.za
  39. The requirements for public participation at local government are set out in Section 152 of the Constitution; and various Acts pertaining to local government.
  40. Doreen Atkinson, 2003 p. 133-4.
  41. Idasa, Local Government Unit paper. All Spheres of Government are Responsible for Delivery 2005 October 28, www.idasa.org.za
  42. Susan Rose-Ackerman, Corruption and Government, Cambridge University Press, 1999; Pieter Bottelier, Senior Advisor to the World Bank “Corruption and Development”, International Symposium on the Prevention and Control of Financial Fraud, Beijing, October 19, 1998; and Cheryl W. Gray & Daniel Kaufmann, ‘Corruption and Development’ in Finance & Development, March 1998, Volume 35, Number 1 http://www.worldbank.org/fandd/english/0398/content.htm
  43. Susan Rose-Ackerman, 1999.
  44. Research Report: The Implementation of Ethics laws at Local Government Level in South Africa, Compiled by Collette Herzenberg, for Idasa, January 2005.
  45. The Municipal Structures Act, 1998 and Municipal Systems Act, 2000 allocate the locus of responsibility for ensuring public participation to the highest spheres of local government, which includes Executive Committees, Mayors, and Municipal Managers (See Act 1998, sections 44, 56, 56 and Act of 2000, section 51). Traditional leaders continue to play an important role in the political process of local communities, as set out in Part 6: Participation of traditional leaders, Section 81, Municipal Structures Act, 1998.
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